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"Quantitative Aptitude 20-20" By Er. G C Nayak

 Dear Readers,

"Quantitative Aptitude 20-20" is a new initiative of YOUR MENTOR to make you strong in word problems. Here Approx. 20 questions from each math chapter covering all the concepts will be posted in PDF format along with answers & explanations. The main moto of this initiative is to solve a word problem analytically rather than using short-cut, Because Most of the word problems of IBPS PO/Clerk is lengthy & analytical type. Click on the below links to access

1. AGE
2. AVERAGE
3. BOAT & STREAM
4. PIPES & CISTERNS
5. TIME & DISTANCE
6. MIXTURE & ALLIGATION
7. SIMPLE INTEREST
8. COMPOUND INTEREST
9. RATIO & PROPORTION 
10. PROFIT & LOSS and PERCENTAGE

Stay tuned..Other Chapters will be added soon.......

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Download >> Aptitude Skill Test-Target IBPS Series by Er. G C Nayak

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Spotting Errors in English by Er. G C Nayak

Contents Highlight

• This Booklet contains 400+ Spotting Errors Questions & Answers along with Explanations

• Each question is unique & Strictly according to the IBPS PO/Clerk Exam Pattern.   

 

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Banking Awareness Hand Book(Revised & Enlarged Edition) By Er. G.C Nayak

Contents Highlights

Ch.-I Evolution of Banks in India (Page 01-05)

Ch.-II Commercial Banking in India (Page 06-13)

Ch.-III Credit Management & Lending Policy (Page 14-17)

Ch.-IV Indian Financial System (Page 18-22)

Ch.-V Reserve Bank of India (Page 23-27)

Ch.-VI Negotiable Instrument (Page 28-31)

Ch.-VII SEBI & Stock Market (Page 32-35)

Ch.-VIII Banking Sector Reforms (Page 36-38)

Ch.-IX Micro, Small & Medium Enterprises (Page 39)

Ch.-X Indian Economy (Page 40-42)

Ch.-XI Miscellaneous (Page 43-48)

• Banking Abbreviations (Page 49)
• Miscellaneous One Liner (Part-A) (Page 50-52)
• Miscellaneous One Liner (Part-B) (Page 52-53)
• Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs) (Page 54-66)

Appendix-1 (Page 67-85) (Country, Capital & Currency, Famous National Parks, Bank, HQ & Tagline, Organization & HQ, Power Plants, International Governing Bodies, Trophies & Sports term, Folk dance & classical dance, Boundary line, waterfalls & Hill stations, Popular Awards, Missiles & Ranges, Census-2011 Highlights, Summits, Sports Venue, Parliament of different countries, News Papers & Magazines, Days & Dates, Important Stadiums, Cities & towns on the river banks, Revolutions in the fields of agriculture, Popular Museums, Famous Temples, International Festivals)

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Banking Awareness Frequently Asked Questions(FAQs) by Er. G.C Nayak

Contents Highlight

• This Booklet contains 156 MCQ & 65 One Liners with Answers covering entire Banking Syllabus.

• Each question is unique & frequently asking in various Bank PO/Clerk Exams.

• This booklet is an Appendix to Banking Awareness Hand Book Written by Er. Gopal Chandra Nayak.

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Objective Computer Fundamentals E-Book By Er. G.C Nayak

Contents Highlights

1. Author‘s Note
2. Dedication
3. Basics

• Introduction………………………........... 01
• Generation of computer………….............02
• Computer Organization……………..........03
• Input & Output Devices……….…............03
• Hardware & Software Basics……….........05
• Internet……………............…...............…07
• Network Topologies………………….......08
• Information Security…………………......12
• The OSI Reference Model……………….13

4. 1500+ Key Points ………………………….. 22
5. 1000+ Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs).... 58

• Additional 550 MCQs.........................…..109

6. Shortcut Keys…………………………………………………………..............… 193

• General Keyboard Shortcut Keys……………………………………….....….193
• Windows Logo Key Keyboard Shortcut Keys……………………………......194
• MS-Word Shortcut Keys…………………………………………………...…195
• MS-Excel Shortcut Keys……………………………………………………...198
• MS-PowerPoint Shortcut Keys…………………………………………..…...201
• Miscellaneous Shortcut Keys ………………………………………………...202

7. Abbreviations………………………………………………………………......... 203
8. Computer Glossary…………………………………………………....….......…. 209
9. References……………………………………………………………….........….220

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Aptitude Skill Test-Target IBPS Series by Er. G.C Nayak

Contents Highlights

       

 Contains 105 selected word problems with answer key covering all important sections of Quantitative Aptitude. Every question is based on a unique Concept. Use the quickest approach to solve the questions.

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Voltage Multiplier

                  A voltage multiplier is an electrical circuit that converts AC electrical power from a lower voltage to a higher DC voltage, typically using a network of capacitors and diodes.

                  Voltage multipliers can be used to generate a few volts for electronic appliances, to millions of volts for purposes such as high-energy physics experiments and lightning safety testing. The most common type of voltage multiplier is the half-wave series multiplier, also called the Villard cascade.

Villard Cascade Voltage Multiplier 

Operation:

            Assuming that the peak voltage of the AC source is +Us, and that the C values are sufficiently high to allow, when charged, that a current flows with no significant change in voltage, then the (simplified) working of the cascade is as follows:

Steps:

Ø  negative peak (−Us): The C1 capacitor is charged through diode D1 to Us V (potential difference between left and right plate of the capacitor is Us)

Ø  positive peak (+Us): the potential of C1 adds with that of the source, thus charging C2 to 2Us through D2

Ø  negative peak: potential of C1 drops to 0 V thus allowing C3 to be charged through D3 to 2Us.

Ø  positive peak: potential of C1 rises to 2Us (analogously to step 2), also charging C4 to 2Us. The output voltage (the sum of voltages under C2 and C4) raises till 4Us.

       

                In reality more cycles are required for C4 to reach the full voltage. Each additional stage of two diodes and two capacitors increases the output voltage by twice the peak AC supply voltage.

Voltage Doubler & Tripler:

                 A voltage doubler uses two stages to approximately double the DC voltage that would have been obtained from a single-stage rectifier. An example of a voltage doubler is found in the input stage of switch mode power supplies containing a SPDT switch to select either 120 volt or 240 volt supply. In the 120 volt position the input is typically configured as a full-wave voltage doubler by opening one AC connection point of a bridge rectfier, and connecting the input to the junction of two series-connected filter capacitors. For 240 volt operation, the switch configures the system as a full-wave bridge, re-connecting the capacitor center-tap wire to the open AC terminal of a bridge rectfier system. This allows 120 or 240 volt operation with the addition of a simple SPDT switch.

                 A voltage tripler is a three-stage voltage multiplier. A tripler is a popular type of voltage multiplier. The output voltage of a tripler is in practice below three times the peak input voltage due to their high impedance, caused in part by the fact that as each capacitor in the chain supplies power to the next, it partially discharges, losing voltage doing so.

                Triplers were commonly used in color television receivers to provide the high voltage for the cathode ray tube (picture tube). Many 1970s TV sets used open triplers, and the individual diode sticks could be replaced if they failed

Applications:

• In TV & Cathode Ray Tubes For High Voltage Supply
• In Xerox Machines To Produce High Voltage
• In High Energy Physics  Cockcroft–Walton generator  

Zener Diode As Regulator

              

Zener Diode

          We know that "reverse biased" diode blocks current in the reverse direction, but will suffer from premature breakdown or damage if the reverse voltage applied across it is too high. However, the Zener Diode or "Breakdown Diode" as they are sometimes called, are basically the same as the standard PN junction diode but are specially designed to have a low pre-determined Reverse Breakdown Voltage that takes advantage of this high reverse voltage. The zener diode is the simplest types of voltage regulator and the point at which a zener diode breaks down or conducts is called the "Zener Breakdown Voltage" ( Vz ).

Doping concentration of    P+N DIODE > ZENER DIODE > TUNNEL DIODE> PN DIODE

               The Zener diode when biased in the forward direction it behaves just like a normal signal diode passing the rated current, but as soon as a reverse voltage applied across the zener diode exceeds the rated voltage of the device, the diodes breakdown voltage V_B is reached at which point a process called Avalanche Breakdown occurs in the semiconductor depletion layer and a current starts to flow through the diode to limit this increase in voltage.

The current now flowing through the zener diode increases dramatically to the maximum circuit value (which is usually limited by a series resistor) and once achieved this reverse saturation current remains fairly constant over a wide range of applied voltages. This breakdown voltage point, Vz is called the "zener voltage" for zener diodes and can range from less than one volt to hundreds of volts.

Zener Diode I-V Characteristics:

The Zener Diode is used in its "reverse bias" or reverse breakdown mode, i.e. the diodes anode connects to the negative supply. From the I-V characteristics curve above, we can see that the zener diode has a region in its reverse bias characteristics of almost a constant negative voltage regardless of the value of the current flowing through the diode and remains nearly constant even with large changes in current as long as the zener diodes current remains between the breakdown current I_Z(min) and the maximum current rating I_Z(max).

The Zener Diode As Regulator:

Zener Diode Acts as a Voltage Regulator only in the Reverse Breakdown Region.A voltage regulator should maintain constant voltage across terminals of load irrespective of fluctuation in Load or Supply.To act as a voltage regulator the zener diode must satisfy two conditions:

   (i) Current through zener diode should be grater than or equal to  I_Z(min),knee current.

   (ii)Voltage across terminals of zener diode should be Vz, Breakdown voltage.

               The resistor, R_S is connected in series with the zener diode to limit the current flow through the diode with the voltage source, V_S being connected across the combination. The stabilised output voltage V_out is taken from across the zener diode. The zener diode is connected with its cathode terminal connected to the positive rail of the DC supply so it is reverse biased and will be operating in its breakdown condition. Resistor R_S is selected so to limit the maximum current flowing in the circuit.

                  With no load connected to the circuit, the load current will be zero, ( I_L = 0 ), and all the circuit current passes through the zener diode which in turn dissipates its maximum power. Also a small value of the series resistor R_S will result in a greater diode current when the load resistance R_L is connected and large as this will increase the power dissipation requirement of the diode so care must be taken when selecting the appropriate value of series resistance so that the zeners maximum power rating is not exceeded under this no-load or high-impedance condition.

                The load is connected in parallel with the zener diode, so the voltage across R_L is always the same as the zener voltage, ( V_R = V_Z ). There is a minimum zener current for which the stabilization of the voltage is effective and the zener current must stay above this value operating under load within its breakdown region at all times. The upper limit of current is of course dependant upon the power rating of the device. The supply voltage V_S must be greater than V_Z.

          One small problem with zener diode stabiliser circuits is that the diode can sometimes generate electrical noise on top of the DC supply as it tries to stabilise the voltage. Normally this is not a problem for most applications but the addition of a large value decoupling capacitor across the zeners output may be required to give additional smoothing.

            Then to summarise a little. A zener diode is always operated in its reverse biased condition. A voltage regulator circuit can be designed using a zener diode to maintain a constant DC output voltage across the load in spite of variations in the input voltage or changes in the load current. The zener voltage regulator consists of a current limiting resistor R_S connected in series with the input voltage V_S with the zener diode connected in parallel with the load R_L in this reverse biased condition. The stabilized output voltage is always selected to be the same as the breakdown voltage V_Z of the diode.

Zener Diode Voltages

As well as producing a single stabilised voltage output, zener diodes can also be connected together in series along with normal silicon signal diodes to produce a variety of different reference voltage output values as shown below.

Zener Diodes Connected in Series:

        The values of the individual Zener diodes can be chosen to suit the application while the silicon diode will always drop about 0.6 to 0.7V in the forward bias condition. The supply voltage, Vin must of course be higher than the largest output reference voltage and in our example above this is 19v.

       
Zener Diode Clipping Circuits:

            Thus far we have looked at how a zener diode can be used to regulate a constant DC source but what if the input signal was not steady state DC but an alternating AC waveform how would the zener diode react to a constantly changing signal.

               Diode clipping and clamping circuits are circuits that are used to shape or modify an input AC waveform (or any sinusoid) producing a differently shape output waveform depending on the circuit arrangement. Diode clipper circuits are also called limiters because they limit or clip-off the positive (or negative) part of an input AC signal. As zener clipper circuits limit or cut-off part of the waveform across them, they are mainly used for circuit protection or in waveform shaping circuits.

For example, if we wanted to clip an output waveform at +7.5V, we would use a 7.5V zener diode. If the output waveform tries to exceed the 7.5V limit, the zener diode will "clip-off" the excess voltage from the input producing a waveform with a flat top still keeping the output constant at +7.5V. Note that in the forward bias condition a zener diode is still a diode and when the AC waveform output goes negative below -0.7V, the zener diode turns "ON" like any normal silicon diode would and clips the output at -0.7V as shown below.

Square Wave Signal:

               The back to back connected zener diodes can be used as an AC regulator producing what is jokingly called a "poor man's square wave generator". Using this arrangement we can clip the waveform between a positive value of +8.2V and a negative value of -8.2V for a 7.5V zener diode. If we wanted to clip an output waveform between different minimum and maximum values for example, +8V and -6V, use would simply use two differently rated zener diodes.

                 Note that the output will actually clip the AC waveform between +8.7V and -6.7V due to the addition of the forward biasing diode voltage, which adds another 0.7V voltage drop to it. This type of clipper configuration is fairly common for protecting an electronic circuit from over voltage. The two zeners are generally placed across the power supply input terminals and during normal operation, one of the zener diodes is "OFF" and the diodes have little or no affect. However, if the input voltage waveform exceeds its limit, then the zeners turn "ON" and clip the input to protect the circuit.

Superheterodyne Receiver

                     In electronics, a superheterodyne receiver (often shortened to superhet) uses frequency mixing or heterodyning to convert a received signal to a fixed intermediate frequency (IF), which can be more conveniently processed than the original radio carrier frequency. Virtually all modern radio receivers use the superheterodyne principle.

Block diagram:

               The diagram contains a RF amplifier, a variable frequency local oscillator(LO), a frequency mixer, a band pass filter and intermediate frequency (IF) amplifier, and a demodulator plus additional circuitry to amplify or process the original audio signal (or other transmitted information).For AM The Intermediate frequency(IF) is 455Hz.

principle of operation:

         The principle of operation of the superheterodyne receiver depends on the use of heterodyning or frequency mixing. The signal from the antennal i.e RF Signal (fs) is filtered sufficiently at least to reject the image frequency (see below) and possibly amplified by RF Amplifier. A local oscillator(LO) in the receiver produces a sine wave( i.e fl ) which mixes with that signal, shifting it to a specific intermediate frequency (IF= fl – fs OR  f_IF = f_LO - f_RF), usually a lower frequency(i.e Mixer performs Down Conversion Here).The IF signal is itself filtered and amplified and possibly processed in additional ways. The demodulator uses the IF signal rather than the original radio frequency to recreate a copy of the original information (such as audio).An AF amplifier used to amplify audio signal.

Image Frequency & its suppression:

                   One major disadvantage to the superheterodyne receiver is the problem of image frequency. In heterodyne receivers, an image frequency is an undesired input frequency equal to the station frequency plus twice the intermediate frequency. The image frequency results in two stations being received at the same time, thus producing interference. Image frequencies can be eliminated by sufficient attenuation on the incoming signal by the RF amplifier filter of the superheterodyne receiver.

                                  

                                         f_img(Image Frequency) ₌ fs +2* f_IF 

               For example, an AM broadcast station at 580 kHz is tuned on a receiver with a 455 kHz IF. The local oscillator is tuned to 580 + 455 = 1035 kHz. But a signal at 580 + 455 + 455 = 1490 kHz is also 455 kHz away from the local oscillator; so both the desired signal and the image, when mixed with the local oscillator, will also appear at the intermediate frequency. This image frequency is within the AM broadcast band.

          Practical receivers have a tuning stage before the converter, to greatly reduce the amplitude of image frequency signals; additionally, broadcasting stations in the same area have their frequencies assigned to avoid such images.

Image Rejection Ratio:

                     To determine the suppression factor of tuned ckt image rejection ratio is used. The image rejection ratio, or image frequency rejection ratio, is the ratio of the intermediate-frequency (IF) signal level produced by the desired input frequency to that produced by the image frequency. The image rejection ratio is usually expressed in db.

            Mathematically,

where Q=Quality factor, f_img=Image frequency, fs=RF Signal frequency

                                                                  

Note that IMRR is not a measurement of the performance of the IF stages or IF filtering (selectivity); the signal yields a perfectly valid IF frequency. Rather, it is the measure of the bandpass characteristics of the stages preceding the IF amplifier, which will consist of RF bandpass filters and usually an RF amplifier stage or two.

NOTE: The image frequency should be suppressed before the mixer stage.Practically IRR Should be as high as possible ,so the tuned circuits are connected in cascade.if X is the IRR Of tuned ckt 1 &Y is the IRR of tuned ckt 2 then IRR of the cascaded stage is  X*Y.To improve the IRR either Q Factor or IF should be increased but to increase IRR we practically prefer to increase IF Because increasing Q Factor causes decrease in Bandwidth.